Microarray studies have identified over 4,000 human genes whose expression is modulated by GHK-Cu, spanning tissue remodeling, antioxidant defense, and growth factor signaling categories
(PubMed) Lavine JE, Schwimmer JB, Van Natta ML, et al
On an immunomodulatory level, anti-inflammatory factors secreted by the amniotic membrane (e.g., SLPI/elafin) synergize with MenSC-derived paracrine cytokines such as IDO, PGE 2 , and TGF-, promoting the polarization of macrophages from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the regenerative M2 phenotype
Recycling Other Antioxidants: It helps regenerate other important antioxidants like vitamins C and E, amplifying their protective effects Tissue Repair: It is involved in building and repairing tissues at a cellular level