[1] Because intrinsic-factor-dependent uptake in the distal ileum can be absent in conditions such as autoimmune gastritis, pancreatic insufficiency, or bariatric surgery, the intramuscular or subcutaneous route bypasses gastrointestinal barriers and reliably restores serum concentrations
Mitochondria are the cells power plants
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Several nanoparticles with enhanced delivery abilities have been developed as well, which includes those attached to the silica core protected by poly(ethylene glycol) chains (PluSNO), CdSe quantum dots, rotaxane-branched radical dendrimers (Gn-TEMPO), G4-polyamidoamine dendrimers, 3Gc0T zero-generation dendrimer, polyurethane dendrimers, gold nanoparticles, liquid crystal nanoparticles, nanosized sterically stabilized liposomes, poly[oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether acrylate] and poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) conjugates, and redox nanoparticles