With advancing age, mitochondrial function deteriorates, characterized by increased ROS production, accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, altered mitochondrial dynamics, a decline in the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and reduced respiratory chain activity (Sun et al., 2023) Additionally, AS-IV reduces ROS overproduction and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by angiotensin II (Ang II), thereby inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell senescence (Lu Y
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Kim DW, Haydu LE, Joon A, Bassett RL, Siroy A, Tetzlaff MT, Lazar A, Woodman SE, Gershenwald JE, Davies MA
Conversely, LPS disrupts the BBB by directly damaging endothelial cells, activating TLR4 to trigger NF-B expression and systemic inflammation, which increases tight junction permeability, induces pericyte degeneration and endothelial apoptosis, and promotes astrocyte foot process phagocytosis (Zhao and Lukiw, 2018